Meticulous forward planning, effective casualty assessment by a senior
surgeon and efficient teamwork by medical and administrative staff are
essential when handling injuries sustained in major terrorist incidents.
Those are some of the key findings of a paper published in the March
issue of BJS, the British Journal of Surgery, on the 2008 Mumbai attack,
which lasted more than 60 hours and resulted in nearly 300 casualties
and over a hundred deaths.
The research also highlights the need for safe on-site assessment of
casualties and for civilian doctors to be trained by military personnel
experienced in the sort of injuries seen in terrorist attacks.
“The attack, which took place in November 2008 was carried out by five
pairs of terrorists who used hand grenades and modified assault rifles
at a railway station, café and a number of hotels” recalls Professor
Ajay Bhandarwar, from the Sir Jamshetjee Jejeebhoy Group of Hospitals in
Mumbai.
“We were the closest hospitals to the attack and dealt with 271
casualties, including 108 who were dead on admission. Of the remaining
163 patients, 23 were discharged after outpatient care and 140 were
admitted. We carried out 194 operations on 127 patients and six people
died following surgery.”
The hospital group, comprising a main 1,352-bedded hospital and three
smaller hospitals, already had considerable experience of handling blast
injuries, following previous blasts in 1993, 2001, 2003 and 2005.
“The 2008 attacks caused both physical and emotional damage to the
people of Mumbai, but also produced unique cooperation between medical
and administrative facilities, the media and non government
organisations” says Professor Bhandarwar.
Co-author Associate Professor Girish Bakhshi adds: “The disaster
management plan presented in our paper has been customised to the
manpower and infrastructure available at the Sir Jamshetjee Jejeebhoy
Group of Hospitals. However, the same basic principles can be adopted by
other hospitals worldwide, and tailored to their own particular
resources, so that they too are prepared to meet the challenges posed by
major incidents involving mass casualties.”
Key findings of the review included:
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Most patients reached hospital within 15 minutes of being injured and
91% required surgical intervention, compared with 35% in the earlier
Mumbai blasts and the 2007 London bombings. The majority were taken to
the main Sir Jamshetjee Jejeebhoy hospital which was closest to the
attacks.
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The senior surgeon who assessed the casualties as they were brought in
played a key role in selecting patients for admission and surgery,
resulting in a steady flow of patients.
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The majority of the patients were aged 20 to 39 years and the dominant
injury was limb trauma, seen in 117 patients. Most of the surviving
patients had bullet injuries, followed by pellet injuries and a
smaller number of blast injuries.
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Most of the surgical procedures were for soft tissue or orthopaedic
injuries and, where possible, these were operated on using local or
regional anaesthesia.
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The surgeons also dealt with a wide spectrum of injuries including
colon tears, bowel perforations, damage to the liver, spleen and
kidneys and chest trauma.
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Non-governmental organisations assisted by providing extra medical
supplies and the media displayed lists of patients to keep relatives
up-dated and helped to mobilise blood donors.
“Managing a prolonged terrorist attack needs teamwork for efficient
medical management and best outcomes” stresses Professor Bhandarwar.
“There is no doubt whatsoever that our experience of handling victims of
four previous Mumbai blasts, and the development of an effective and
highly detailed disaster management plan, enabled us to cope effectively
with this major ongoing incident with multiple casualties.”
The paper is free online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.7738/pdf
It contains further details of the injuries encountered by the surgical
team, together with details of the staffing levels and meticulous
procedures employed by the hospital group during this major incident.
The paper also includes details of the clinical and administrative
groups, which each comprised six teams with very specific roles, and the
coordinating group that ensured effective communication between all the
teams.
The Mumbai article is one of a number of papers in the March issue
focusing on global trauma surgery.
